Electrical and Electronics Engineering An International Journal (ELELIJ)

Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) is a Quarterly peerreviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Electrical and Electronics Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

The biodiversity of Lepidoptera plays an vital role in ecological systems. Identification and recognition are the first steps in assessing biodiversity status. Automatic image-based identification tools for butterflies (Lepidoptera) can help taxonomists identify species effectively. In this paper, we propose a deep learning method with improved model accuracy and target object detection; the method was improved by the removal of image backgrounds. We compiled our dataset from images of Chinese butterfly specimens and replaced the images' original backgrounds with a green background in Photoshop. We then trained two models based on the original image set and the green-background set. Our results achieved training model accuracy of 98% and showed that the image background removal enhanced model generalizability, providing better results for test sets with different kinds of image data. Additionally, the experiments proved that it is feasible to use a small amount of data to train deep learning models, which could have wide applicability in the image recognition field.

4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ELEC 2019) aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on recent systems and techniques in the broad field of Electrical Engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Electrical Engineering.

This paper deals with a complete 1.5 MW Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) design using a novel Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on real time machine testing and a low cost network communication system. It also includes a blade design study and simulation for a maximum efficiency and a high control strategy for maximum energy production with a minimum harmonic distortion for the generated current. The parameters studied are varied: electrical characteristics, static and aerodynamic, blade geometric profiles, and the influence of wind speed. The wind turbine uses a doubly fed induction generator « DFIG » controlled by a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) strategy for 27 levels Cascaded three H-Bridge voltage source inverter. It will allow us to control the rotor voltage in magnitude and phase angle more easily & with high efficiency. This wind turbine was used on a 15MW wind farm. The study was conducted through several simulation software (Matlab, Catia, and Solid works). The whole control strategy, design principle and simulation results are shown & discussed. KEYWORDS Doubly Fed Induction Generator – Wind Turbine Design – Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter – Pulse Width Modulation.

Bulk-driven technique has been verified to be a promising candidate in the area of low-voltage lowpower techniques. In this paper, current conveyer based-multiplier utilizing bulk-driven technique has been proposed. The proposed circuit was implemented based on CMOS technology to put a step forward in the field of low-voltage low-power applications. The circuit has been simulated at ±0.4 V supply voltage and total power dissipation 60.8 µW. The simulation results have been included to prove the theoretical consideration.

Before there were computers there was security. One of the most important factors that have been used for identity authentication is a password. We have many fields that are very dependent on password use such as online financial services and system access such as user account and email access. Password disclosure is a security problem. It is always recommended that a password should be secure enough to prevent attacks; a password should have high entropy and a user must be persuaded to select a password that is difficult to compromise. Every institution has requirements for creating passwords and forces users to choose their passwords according to the requirements. In this paper a new approach has been taken to analyze system authentication performance by analyzing passwords and password creation requirements. Actual Shannon Entropy Principles of Information Theory is used as a base. In fact, based on the entropy which is a collection of criteria for measuring the strength of passwords, a method is developed to measure password strength using this principle.

This Article presents an application of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) to Optimal Reactive Power Planning (RPP) using Differential Evolution(DE). FVSI is used to identify the weak buses for the Reactive Power Planning problem which involves process of experimental by voltage stability analysis based on the load variation. The peak at Fast Voltage Stabilty Index secure to 1 indicates the greatest feasible connected load and the bus with least connected load is identified as the weakest bus at the point of bifurcation. This technique is tested on the IEEE 30-bus system. The outcome confirm significant decrease in system losses and enhancementt of voltage stability with the use of Fast Voltage Stability Index based optimal Reactive Power Planning using Differential Evolution and compared with Evalutionary Programming

This paper presents a single phase symmetrical multilevel inverter with various loads. This proposed topology is connected with R-load, RL-load and induction motor drive with unipolar Phase disposition PWM technique. Among the four modulation technique it gives reduced harmonic. This proposed topology has less number of switches than the conventional one. In conventional cascaded multilevel inverter have twelve switches and the proposed topology have eight switches. Totally the four switches have been reduced from the conventional one. It is designed to produce a seven level output. The simulation analysis has been done by a MATLAB/SIMULINK model.

A modern power system is highly integrated and is usually very large and complex. The power systems which are having shortage of reactive power due to fault or heavy load on it, experiences a voltage collapse. So reserve source of reactive power is required for the stable operation of power system FACTs devices can be used for reactive power management and it is having significant impacts on reliability evaluation of composite power system. Under such circumstances, load shedding is usually last option used to avoid voltage collapse condition. This paper suggests a model to evaluate reliability indices incorporating SVC and TCSC with fuzzy penalty using GA based priority load curtailment. A comparative study is done for the results obtained using SVC and TCSC with and without fuzzy penalty. The proposed algorithms are tested on WSCC RBTS and 24 Bus – IEEE reliability test system.

This paper describes the implementation of Distributed Active Filters (DAFs). To share the workload of harmonic filtering, several Active Filter Units (AFUs) are placed on different locations which can perform the harmonic filtering without a direct communication. Different configurations of DAFs are described and are implemented using MATLAB /Simpower system Toolbox environment to observe their performances and comparison.

Photovoltaic (PV) modules used to convert sunlight into electricity. PV researches and industries are rapidly becoming popular in the energy field since PV technologies do not harm to environment and use sun which is unlimited energy source. Nowadays, many applications are realized with photovoltaic (PV) modules in different areas such as buildings, aviation, solar power plants, land and sea transportations, etc. Construction, operation and maintenance of solar PV system are not easy and complex. There are many methods for PV plants inspection such as visual inspection, using current sensors, comparing the input and output power units of PV modules, and thermal monitoring with infrared cameras. Monitoring the differences on the PV module output voltage by means of sensors is the most appropriate methods but it is very expensive solution since there are thousand PV modules in some plants. Thermal monitoring system is more suitable method for large PV plants' inspection. Because, it reduces the fault detection costs and provide shorten maintenance time. The main aim of this paper is to investigate thermal monitoring of the PV solar modules and realize image processing by thermal radiation on PV modules. For this purpose, it is created a wireless directable robotic vehicle which has RF and thermal camera, two brushless hub motor and X-Bee modules to send direction commands. In this way, the robot moves between the panels and sent data for user whether there is fault on the panels or not. The test results indicate that PV module faults are detected effectively by using thermal cameras.

Bulk-driven technique has been verified to be a promising candidate in the area of low-voltage lowpower techniques. In this paper, current conveyer based-multiplier utilizing bulk-driven technique has been proposed. The proposed circuit was implemented based on CMOS technology to put a step forward in the field of low-voltage low-power applications. The circuit has been simulated at ±0.4 V supply voltage and total power dissipation 60.8 µW. The simulation results have been included to prove the theoretical consideration.

The article analyses the influence of the design parameters of the structure of the heat sink with round pins on the junction temperature of the LED system. The study uses design of experiment (DOE) and thermal simulations to determine the factors that have the greatest impact to improve the cooling capacity and finding the optimal heat sink design. The results of thermal design and simulation of the LED system have been validated experimentally using a thermocouple and they show that the error between the experimentally measured and simulated temperature value of optimized heat sink structure is below 6%.

This paper presents the application of floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS) in the design of low voltage and high speed digital circuits wherein threshold voltage tunability of FGMOS has been exploited to enhance the performance of inverter in terms of various parameters like switching threshold voltage, noise margins, propagation delay and energy delay product. It has been observed that by varying the bias voltage in FGMOS, the voltage transfer characteristics can be altered that result in lowering of switching threshold voltage, increased noise margins, reduced propagation delay and less energy delay product as compared to the standard CMOS inverter. This paper also demonstrates the design of ring oscillator using FGMOS and it has been found that FGMOS based ring oscillator exhibits higher frequency of oscillation as compared to its CMOS counterpart. The performance of these circuits has been verified through PSpice simulations carried out using level 7 parameters in 0.13 µm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 1 V.

Power system contingency is a condition of operation which may be caused due to line outage in a system and could lead to entire system voltage instability. This may further result in voltage collapse leading to total blackout of the system. Therefore, voltage collapse prediction and estimating voltage stability margin is an important task in power system operation and planning. In this paper Line Stability Index Lij utilizing the concept of power flow in a single line is adopted to determine the condition of voltage instability. The purpose of Lij is to determine the point of voltage instability, the weakest bus in the system and the critical line referred to a bus. Analytical approach based technique for load shedding has been developed as a solution for secured operation of power system under various contingency conditions to optimize the power flow in order to minimize the system losses within acceptable limit. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method simulation has been carried out on IEEE 14 bus system.

This paper presents a methodology for estimating the normalized transient stability margin by using the multilayered perceptron (MLP) neural network. The complex relationship between the input variables and output variables is established by using the neural networks. The nonlinear mapping relation between the normalized transient stability margin and the operating conditions of the power system is established by using the MLP neural network. To obtain the training set of the neural network the potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method along with time domain simulation method is used. The proposed method is applied on IEEE 9 bus system and the results shows that the proposed method provides fast and accurate tool to assess online transient stability.

This paper deals with simulation modeling of grid connected DC linked PV/hydro hybrid system. A 10 kW PV system and 7.5 kW Pico-hydro system is connected in parallel to form hybrid system and this hybrid system is integrated with power grid. The PV/hydro hybrid system acts as a dominant system and primarily they supply power to the community. As the PV or hydro system cannot supply power in rainy or summer days, therefore the power grid is integrated to overcome the problem of PV or hydro system. The DC bus of the PV system and Pico-hydro system is interlinked to reduce the cost and complexity of the system. The proposed system is modeled so that in the normal days (when solar and hydro energy is available) the PV/hydro hybrid system will feed power to load without power grid. NOMENCLATURE , = d and q axis component of the stator voltages of SEIGs in Volts. , = d and q axis component of the rotor voltages of SEIGs in Volts. , = d and q axis component of the stator currents of SEIGs in Amp. i , i = d and q axis component of the rotor currents of SEIGs in Amp. , = Stator and Rotor resistance of the SEIGs respectively in. , = Stator and Rotor inductance of the SEIGs respectively in H. = Mutual inductance of the SEIGs in H. , = d and q axis component of the capacitor bank currents in Amp. , = d and q axis component of capacitance of the capacitor bank in F. = Current generated by PV array in Amp. = Voltage generated by PV array in Volts. = Photocurrent of the PV cell i.e. 5.96 Amp. = Number of series connected PV modules. = Number of parallel connected PV modules. = Reverse saturation current of diode i.e. 0.0002 Amp.

Economic hydropower plant generation scheduling is an important feature from the utility point of view, this scheduling is more important in that case when the plants are at the same river stream & owned by the different utilities. Various Conventional & Artificial intelligence methods have been used earlier for the hydro generation scheduling reported through researches and more, all are of them required the mathematical modeling of each & every hydro power plant. Theoretical account of problem solving in general and especially methodology to develop the mathematical models of the hydroelectric power plants has been described in this paper. Reservoir elevation model, tail race elevation model and hydro turbine model have been developed for Rani Avanti Bai Sagar river bed hydroelectric power plants by collating actual plant data from competent authorities. Modeling of canal head hydroelectric power plants have been also included in this paper. This hydro power project is a part of cascade scheme at Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh, India. NOMENCLATURE

Speed is a major concern for high density VLSI networks. In this paper the closed form delay model for current mode signalling in VLSI interconnects has been proposed with resistive load termination. RLC interconnect line is modelled using characteristic impedance of transmission line and inductive effect. The inductive effect is dominant at lower technology node is modelled into an equivalent resistance. In this model first order transfer function is designed using finite difference equation, and by applying the boundary conditions at the source and load termination. It has been observed that the dominant pole determines system response and delay in the proposed model. Using CNIA tool (carbon nanotube interconnect analyzer) the interconnect line parameters has been estimated at 45nm technology node. The novel proposed current mode model superiority has been validated for CNT type of material. It superiority factor remains to 66.66% as compared to voltage mode signalling. And current mode dissipates 0.015pJ energy where as VM consume 0.045pJ for a single bit transmission across the interconnect over CNT material. Secondly the damping factor of a lumped RLC circuit is shown to be a useful figure of merit.

This paper presents the design of a mobile robot used for a research of robot human interaction. The communication is achieved via visual information. For this purpose two cameras are mounted on a robot in such a way that pan/tilt rotation is possible. Such a setup resembles a human head and can give some feedback to a human with the movement of the head. For the control and communication purposes a Raspberry Pi computer was used as it is inexpensive but highly capable open platform. The camera and robot movements are accessible through a web user interface designed on a modified PiBorg code. Throughout the design process the main emphasis was on the low cost and high modularity of the mobile process, so that it can be easily used for other applications as well.

In recent years, there is a significant increase in the number of devices with low power consumption. The energy requirements of these devices are provided by chemical batteries. The batteries must be charged at regular times, and cause some problems such as environmental pollution. RF energy harvesters are an alternative energy source for the batteries. In this study, the responses of 900 MHz RF energy harvester, which was previously tested, are estimated using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method in different states. For this aim, the output power values are determined by using the input power and the frequency of the signal and the load resistances connected to the energy harvester.

Reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) which have more than one frequency response are demanded by recent communication systems. Tuneable FSS design is presented as a solution proposal to these demands in this work. Four-legged loaded element geometry is modified in order to achieve wide tuning range by inclusion of varactor diodes. Frequency tuning range is increased %11 by comparing with the " Four Legged Loaded " element geometry. Achieved results show that proposed structure allows tuning between 2.42GHz-5.94GHz frequency bands. Analyses are executed with Ansoft HFSS v.15 software.

To solve the problem that traffic network of rapid change is easy to fall into the situation of network congestion, based on the network load information, we use the average transmission time and local interface queue length information to find the path of the load balancing, and select minimum load channel through load-aware channel allocation. Considering interference suppression, load balancing, channel allocation and routing optimization design, we propose a dynamic load joint optimization algorithm D– LAJOA, mainly designing channel load CL, adjustable weighting factor β and the joint routing metrics. Simulations results demonstrate that D–LAJOA owns obvious advantages over average throughput, network overhead and packet loss compared with other algorithms.

Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) is a promising candidate to be the universal non-volatile (NV) storage device. The Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) is the cornerstone of the NV-MRAM technology. 2-terminal MTJ based on Spin Transfer Torque (STT) switching is considered as a hot topic for academic and industrial researchers. Moreover, the 3-terminal Spin Orbit Torque (SOT) MTJ has recently been considered as a hopeful device which provides an increased reliability thanks to independent write and read paths. Since both MTJ devices (STT and SOT) seem to revolutionize the data storage market, it is necessary to explore their compatibility with very advanced CMOS processes in terms of transistor sizing and performance. Assuming a good maturity of the magnetic processes that would enable to fabricate small junctions, simulation results show that the existing advanced sub-micronic CMOS processes can drive the required writing current with reasonable size of transistors confirming the high density feature of MRAMs. At 28 nm node, the minimum transistor size can be used by the STT device. The SOT device shows remarkable energy efficiency with 6× improvement compared with the STT technology. Results are very encouraging for future complex hybrid magnetic/CMOS integrated circuits (ICs).

A modern power system is highly integrated and is usually very large and complex. The power systems which are having shortage of reactive power due to fault or heavy load on it, experiences a voltage collapse. So reserve source of reactive power is required for the stable operation of power system FACTs devices can be used for reactive power management and it is having significant impacts on reliability evaluation of composite power system. Under such circumstances, load shedding is usually last option used to avoid voltage collapse condition. This paper suggests a model to evaluate reliability indices incorporating SVC and TCSC with fuzzy penalty using GA based priority load curtailment. A comparative study is done for the results obtained using SVC and TCSC with and without fuzzy penalty. The proposed algorithms are tested on WSCC RBTS and 24 Bus – IEEE reliability test system.

This paper proposes a new method based on improved FastICA (fast independent component analysis)-LSM (the least square method), in order to improve the accuracy and speed of harmonic detection in power system. This work ameliorates the traditional FastICA algorithm by defining the initial value of demixing matrix iteration, thus inducing the iteration times and eliminating the problem of higher-order convergence FastICA sensitive to initial value, and harmonics and fundamental components are extracted from electric signals using fifth-order convergence FastICA. Finally LSM is used to calculate the amplitude and phase angle of separation components. Simulated and real signals are used to test the method. Results shows that the proposed method has faster detection rate and higher accuracy compared with other methods available in the literature.

This paper presents the application of floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS) in the design of low voltage and high speed digital circuits wherein threshold voltage tunability of FGMOS has been exploited to enhance the performance of inverter in terms of various parameters like switching threshold voltage, noise margins, propagation delay and energy delay product. It has been observed that by varying the bias voltage in FGMOS, the voltage transfer characteristics can be altered that result in lowering of switching threshold voltage, increased noise margins, reduced propagation delay and less energy delay product as compared to the standard CMOS inverter. This paper also demonstrates the design of ring oscillator using FGMOS and it has been found that FGMOS based ring oscillator exhibits higher frequency of oscillation as compared to its CMOS counterpart. The performance of these circuits has been verified through PSpice simulations carried out using level 7 parameters in 0.13 µm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 1 V.

This paper presents a single phase symmetrical multilevel inverter with various loads. This proposed topology is connected with R-load, RL-load and induction motor drive with unipolar Phase disposition PWM technique. Among the four modulation technique it gives reduced harmonic. This proposed topology has less number of switches than the conventional one. In conventional cascaded multilevel inverter have twelve switches and the proposed topology have eight switches. Totally the four switches have been reduced from the conventional one. It is designed to produce a seven level output. The simulation analysis has been done by a MATLAB/SIMULINK model.

In post deregulated era of power system load characteristics become more erratic. Unplanned transactions of electrical power through transmission lines of particular path may occur due to low cost offered by generating companies. As a consequence those lines driven close to their operating limits and becomes congested as the lines are originally designed for traditional vertically integrated structure of power system. This congestion in transmission lines is unpredictable with deterministic load flow strategy. Rescheduling active and reactive power output of generators is the promising way to manage congestion. In this paper Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with varying inertia weight strategy, with two variants e1-PSO and e-2 PSO is applied for optimal solution of active and reactive power rescheduling for managing congestion. The generators sensitivity technique is opted for identifying participating generators for managing congestion. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Comparison is made between results obtained from proposed techniques to that of results reported in previous literature.

Biometric recognition refers to the use of biological characteristics for identification and verification of individuals. Use of biometric is increasing nowadays because biometric characteristics are difficult to replicate and lifelong. Applications which require only the authorized persons to access the resources are information systems, National id systems, voter and driver registrations, documentations, military area and ATMs. Among all biometrics, fingerprints is the most widely used and accepted by the user as the acquisition of fingerprint image is minimally invasive and require little hardware. Traditional fingerprint identification algorithm based on Minutiae Extraction, Discrete cosine transform(DCT) and fast Fourier transform require so much computation. Wavelet based algorithm do not require any preprocessing and post processing steps and hence is the key for low cost fingerprint identification system. This paper presents the overview of different fingerprint recognition system. In comparison to older fingerprint recognition system that is based on minutiae and FFT, the wavelet based system has high recognition rates.

Risk analysis of a system is important to guarantee the quality and safety operation of a system. To identify
the risky or critical components and to prioritize the safety improvements, Importance Measures (IM) play
vital role. Risk analysis of a system using cost based importance measures is essential for system cost-risk
analysis to reduce the maintenance cost. This paper presents the cost-risk analysis of Substation
Automation System (SAS) using existing Cost Importance Measure (CIM) and an advanced cost based
importance measure i.e NCIM which is easier, computationally more accurate and produce necessary
ranking. The non cost based importance measures criticality, Fussel-Vesely (FV) and cost based
importance measures CIM and NCIM for redundant cascading architecture of SAS have been determined.
The results of criticality, FV, CIM and NCIM measures have been compared and the cost based importance
measures yield more useful information compared to non cost based importance measures. From the
outcome of these measures the components ESW and EI are important in cost-risk point of view and DCP is
most important in maintenance point of view.

Induction motor with rotor flux based indirect field oriented control is well suited for high performance
applications due to its excellent dynamic behavior. The overriding feature of this control method is its ease
of implementation and linearity of the torque versus slip characteristics. But, the indirect field oriented
controller is sensitive to variations in motor parameters, especially variation in rotor time constant. This
paper presents the modeling and analysis of a voltage controlled rotor flux based indirect field oriented
control induction motor motion control system. with detailed analysis of controller design in discrete
system. The influence of rotor resistance variation on the performance of drive like effect on speed, rotor
flux and electromagnetic torque under different operating is also studied.

There are several techniques to realize adiabatic logic but most of them require compliment forms. In this work, a new adiabatic logic technique has been proposed which is capable of working with a single time varying supply voltage. The most attractive feature of the proposed technique is that there is no need of complementary inputs. The proposed adiabatic logic has been implemented by adding charging and discharging paths in the existing standard CMOS logic, using diodes and capacitors. Further, various logic circuits such as INVERTER, NAND, NOR, half adder and positive edge triggered D-flip-flop have been implemented using the proposed adiabatic logic technique. A mathematical expression has been developed to explain the energy dissipation in proposed adiabatic logic technique. All the proposed circuits have been simulated for a time varying supply voltage, peak value of 0.9 Volt. A comparison of these logic circuits designed using 90nm TSMC MOS model, with their standard CMOS based structure shows a large improvement in power consumption to the tune of 60%. The results show that a considerable reduction in power dissipation can be achieved with the proposed adiabatic logic technique and thus we can save significant amount of energy compared to conventional CMOS circuits.

Power, speed and area are prime design constraints for portable electronics devices and signal processing applications. Multiplier plays an important role in DSP applications. In this paper, a low power and high speed multiplier with improved column bypassing scheme is presented. Primary power reduction is obtained by disabling the supply voltage of non-functional blocks when the operands of the multiplicands are zero. Power reduction is achieved by both architecture and circuit level modifications. The proposed multiplier consists of new adder architecture which is also responsible for reducing the power consumption and propagation delay. Simulation results are obtained with UMC 90nm and 0.9 V CMOS technology with cadence spectre simulation tool. The proposed multiplier has been compared with popular multipliers and performance parameters in terms of power dissipation, speed and area occupation are found better. The proposed multiplier is definitely a better choice for low frequency (≤ 50 MHz) applications. The results are obtained for randomly generated input test patterns having uniform distribution probability and more power can be saved if operands have more 0's than 1's.

In India Power system monitoring is based mainly on measurements provided by Remote Terminal Unit
(RTU). For power system measurement synchronized Phasor or Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) is
popular choice in abroad and its popularity is increasing day by day because of its several features. Direct
measurement of voltage or current Phasor is possible because of PMU which was not possible earlier.
Global positioning system (GPS) provides time synchronized data. In this paper a new approach is used for
optimal placement of PMU, counting their number & time elapsed. This approach includes zero injection
method along with single hop connectivity. The approach is successfully applied on IEEE-14 bus system.
Here all the bus which are taken into consideration is either completely observable or at some depth of UnObservability
is also taken into account.

Renewable energy technologies offers clean, abundant energy gathered from self-renewing resources such as the sun, wind etc. As the power demand increases, power failure also increases. So, renewable energy sources can be used to provide constant loads. A new converter topology for hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system is proposed. Hybridizing solar and wind power sources provide a realistic form of power generation. The topology uses a fusion of Cuk and SEPIC converters. This configuration allows the two sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. Simulation is carried out in MATLAB/ SIMULINK software and the results of the Cuk converter, SEPIC converter and the hybridized converter are presented.

This paper investigates different approaches to improve the power transfer capability (PTC) of transmission lines. Study was performed on the Eastern Gold Fields (EGF) area of the Western Power network in Western Australia where power transfer to this area is currently enhanced using four saturable reactor types static var Compensators (SR SVCs) installed in this region. These SR SVCs have reached to the end of operational life and they are scheduled for replacement by different dynamic reactive power devices such as Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs) or Thyristor Controlled SVCs (TSVCs). Another proposed option to enhance the PTC to this area is by upgrading the 220 kV transmission line to 275 kV transmission line and / or using series capacitor compensation. This paper introduces technical and economical study for the aforementioned options and suggests a reliable and cost effective approach to improve the PTC to EGF area.

The distribution network of the power system constitutes the vital link between the electricity generation and the end consumer. The efficiency of power sector is primarily judged on the basis of operational performance of distribution system. Almost 90% of India’s power distribution operation comes under the ailing government regulated electricity distribution licensees. The power distribution system in Indian
scenario is historically plagued by high transmission and distribution losses, inefficiency of collection, power theft, non-billing, inept planning etc., thereby resulting in the poor operational performance of the sector. Hence, achieving improvements in the overall operational performance of the government regulated electricity distribution licensees is of paramount importance and remains critical for the robust functioning and development of the Indian power sector. In recent years, a relative number of empirical studies and
policy makers have applied benchmarking techniques to evaluate the technical efficiency and performance of electricity distribution licensees. In this paper we adopted Stochastic Frontier Approach (SFA) for estimating the technical efficiency of 37 government regulated electricity distribution licensees in India.The results indicate that the sampled electricity distribution licensees were not fully technically efficient.
The mean technical efficiency is estimated as 82% indicating that there is an 18% allowance for improving efficiency of electricity distribution licensees. Based on the empirical findings from the present study, the inefficient distribution licensees can frame some strategic plans to improve efficiency in operations.

In the power generation sector, Natural Resources like Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, Hydro etc have always played a very important role. Out of these solar PV (photo voltaic) is most popular due to its significant advantages. Controlling the output of solar PV system and harmonics at the load end are key
aspects. The main theme of this paper is to control output of solar PV system with the help of PI controller and reduction of harmonics at the load end by using Neutral Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter. In this paper, commercial solar arrays of 1.2 kW along with close loop boost converter have been interfaced with neutral point clamped multilevel inverter. In this paper mathematical model of PV system have been presented and the characteristic of pv cell have been verified experimentally with the help of solar simulator under varying climate and load condition. Also, design and simulation of a Boost converter
which works in continuous conduction mode (CCM) using Solar PV array voltage as input has been done. PV model has been interfaced with Multilevel inverter (MLI) and the results for three level, five level, seven level, nine level and eleven level are presented. Models have been developed for different level of inverter in MATLAB to achieve this purpose.

The emergence of fuel cells for the engender of electricity for transferable, compact as well as cosmic,static and automotive purposes prophesies radical changes in electricity supply over coming decagon. This paper presents a study of output behavior of an Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) parameters, like flow rates as well as supply pressure. A substantial dispense of research has taken place on fuel cells, which manipulate
hydrogen as well as oxygen as their fuel. One of the main objectives for this interest is that fuel cells propound the best criteria for encountering the stipulations of zero emission vehicles, and thus are expected to be the prime users of hydrogen in the alongside future. A 2.4 kW – 48 Vdc AFC Simulink model is employed in this analysis and observe how the output behaves.

Static converters are used in various fields of the conversion of electrical energy. The important development of electric power switches and variety of design techniques of control and regulation circuits bring very advantageous solutions for congestion, reliability, performance and maintenance of converters.This work focuses on optimizing the performance of a thyristor three-phase inverter, and its association
with a photovoltaic generator for the purpose of operating a maximum power delivered by the latter. The nature of the control of electronic switches allows to optimize the performance of a three-phase inverter thyristors, using a percentage of the open circuit voltage of a solar panel driver. The operation control system helps to operate at maximum power of the photovoltaic system.

Variable Speed Drives (VSD) due to their high dynamic performances are growing importance in industrial
applications. PWM inverters are mainly responsible for VSDs dynamic operation but they give rise to
bearing currents. Parasitic capacitances present in machine doesn’t create problem at lower frequencies, but at higher carrier frequencies they provide charging path and builds up shaft voltage. When this voltage reaches to a dielectric breakdown voltage of lubricant film, it breaks down, and develops a high discharge bearing current which damage the bearings in a very short time of operation. Multilevel inverter is one of the options to reduce this problem. This paper is an attempt to investigate the effects on CMV, bearing voltage, bearing currents and total harmonic distortion (THD); by diode clamped multilevel (three, five and seven level) and conventional inverter fed induction motor. In this paper phase disposition (PD), sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used.

In any industrial processes, the temperature measurement is an important requirement. Presently thermocouples, pyrometers and contact type sensors etc. devices and techniques are used for temperature measurement of several heat sources. Temperature measurement of furnace, boiler,burner etc. is a very difficult and tedious task also breakage of sensors occurs due to such high temperature so it requires daily maintenance. In this proposed system image processing and neural network technique is used to estimate
the temperature of visible heat sources. System uses camera to take the images of heat source. Thermocouple will be used to measure the actual temperature. Various analytical techniques can be applied to estimate the color temperature correlation. Artificial neural network (ANN) is used to create the database of captured images and measured temperature so that approximate temperature is estimated.

In this paper, a new age-group estimation method is proposed based on fuzzy inference system. Using this
method, the facial images could be classified in four groups with more accuracy for classification of marginal ages. The proposed algorithm is divided into 3 stages. At first stage, the images are preprocessed. Then, the image features are extracted using histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) and
local binary patterns (LBP). Finally, by using neural networks and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS) the age-groups are classified. Experimental results show that by using this method, the agegroup classification is done with better performance and the accuracy of age estimation is improved.

This paper is proposed to show the mutual interaction between of both LFC and the AVR loops. The coupling effects of these two AVR and LFC loops are studied by extending the linear zed AGC system and it include the excitation system also. For a complete system model we have to study the oscillation of LFC
and AVR loops with PID CONTROLLERS. This combined model of LFC and AVR loops is tested on
single-area power system. These results are shown in simulation; and will be reachable in dynamic and
steady state responses [1][2].

Due to the increasing development of IT and communication technologies and the increasing trust in power supply for people, the use of remote terminal units is becoming an important development direction of distribution industry throughout the world. As an important part of the distribution system, the smart distribution requires the terminal unit to realize information interaction and technique of the smart distributed system. The traditional feeder terminal unit cannot meet the requirements and must be replaced by the remote terminal unit. Firstly, the model of the intelligent distribution system is proposed. Secondly,
the model of remote terminal unit is constructed and its structure and function are presented. Finally, the
scheme of the remote terminal unit based fault detection, protection, location, isolation and restorationalgorithms for distribution system with remote terminal unit are presented.

Now a day’s solar photovoltaic (PV) system got more attention from researchers as well as the power industry, as the solar has a huge potential and certain advantages over the conventional electrical energy sources such as clean, green and everlasting source of energy. Lots of literature found on solar PV in past
few decades. In this paper the behaviour of solar PV is studied with changing environmental conditions i.e.change in solar radiation or insolation, change in temperature and different mismatch conditions such as different insolation or partial shading condition and temperature mismatch of a solar PV array. The
detailed simulations as well as experimental results are presented along with the behaviour of solar PV with changing environmental conditions. The analysis may be helpful for researcher of this field.

In this paper, a low power bulk-driven quasi-floating gate MOSFET based Miller compensated Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) is proposed required particularly in design of Gm-C filter. The analysis of amplifier is compared with low power bulk-driven technique. The performance comparison indicates that bulk-driven quasi floating gate configuration offers better performance. In this configuration the combination of bulk-driven input with quasi-floating gate results in improved transconductance and
hence results in high gain and UGB of the OTA. Moreover, simulation of the bulk-driven quasi-floating gate OTA does not suffer from DC convergence problem. A voltage mode multifunction 2nd order filter design based on proposed BDQFG OTA is also presented. The analysis of all the circuits have been carried out in industry specific node UMC 0.18 micron technology with the help of HSpice simulator.

In this paper, steady state models of series FACTS devices for power flow studies and the task of that modelling in the study of series FACTS devices for control of power flow was discussed. Series FACTS devices considered in this paper are Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor Controlled
Phase Shifter (TCPS) and Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). In order to model these series
FACTS devices, a number of power flow study programs were established. The effectiveness of modelling
and convergence was tested with IEEE 14 and 30 bus system with and without series FACTS devices.Newton-Raphson technique is used to solve the nonlinear load flow equations. Power flow study programming was accomplished by using MATLAB. Results are reported and studies are presented to
demonstrate and compare the efficiency of TCPS, TCSC and SSSC.

In developing countries a large demand of power will be seen in future. It is essential to maintain power continuity and reliability. Contingencies like fault occurrence and generated power and load demand imbalance causes system frequency instability. Load-shedding is the ultimate solution to restore systemfrequency and ensure availability of electrical power to critical loads in the plant. This paper presents a review of traditional adaptive and computational intelligent load shedding scheme. A comparison of these entire schemes with corresponding advantages and disadvantages is summarized.

This paper presents the approach of fuzzy numbers for reliability calculation of electrical energy indices and compared to an analytical method. In this paper, the fuzzy numbers which are represented by triangular fuzzy numbers are used to evaluate the load duration curve and the probabilities capacity generators that are in services, in term of the expected energy not supplied (EENS), loss of energy expectation (LOEE) and the energy index of the reliability (EIR). A case study based on the Malaysia distribution network (DISCO-Net) is carried out.The proposed method shows a simple implementation and the results seem to be a good approximation to the analytical approach.